Islamic Large Language Models: From Knowledge Acquisition to Trustworthy and Hallucination-Resistant AI

2026-06-15 · Source: Computation and Language · Field: Technology & Digital — Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing · Depth: Advanced, quick

Summary

This survey examines the emerging field of Islamic Large Language Models (LLMs) and trustworthy Islamic AI, focusing on their application in knowledge-intensive question answering, particularly for religious and legal queries. It highlights the unique challenges of Islamic knowledge, which demands grounding in authoritative sources, exact citations, handling diverse Arabic varieties, and representing jurisprudential disagreements. The literature review covers Arabic NLP, Islamic NLP resources, Qur'anic QA, Islamic knowledge benchmarks, retrieval-augmented generation, Islamic legal reasoning, inheritance reasoning, hallucination evaluation, and trustworthiness. The authors contend that mere Arabic fluency is insufficient; reliable systems necessitate curated sources, verification modules, citation-aware generation, madhhab-aware reasoning, human expert evaluation, and benchmarks assessing faithfulness and source validity.

Key takeaway

For NLP engineers developing domain-specific LLMs in sensitive fields like religious or legal knowledge, you must prioritize deep contextual grounding over general language fluency. Your systems should integrate robust retrieval-augmented generation, ensure exact citation, and account for nuanced disagreements within the domain. This approach helps mitigate hallucination risks and builds user trust, moving beyond simple accuracy metrics to evaluate faithfulness and source validity.

Key insights

Islamic LLMs require deep domain grounding, precise citation, and nuanced disagreement representation for trustworthiness beyond mere Arabic fluency.

Principles

• Reliable Islamic AI needs curated sources.
• Systems must integrate retrieval and verification.
• Citation-aware generation is crucial.

Topics

• Islamic LLMs
• Trustworthy AI
• Hallucination Resistance
• Arabic NLP
• Retrieval-Augmented Generation
• Islamic Jurisprudence

Best for: Research Scientist, AI Scientist, NLP Engineer, AI Ethicist

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Editorial summary, takeaway, and curation by AIssential. Original article published by Computation and Language.