Could AI create a new form of inequality in South Africa?

2026-06-29 · Source: Artificial intelligence (AI) – The Conversation · Field: Science & Research — Social Sciences & Behavioral Studies, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning · Depth: Novice, short

Summary

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models, risks creating a new form of inequality in South Africa, termed "relational apartheid." This concept describes a future where access to meaningful human engagement becomes unequally distributed, with some individuals interacting with people and others managed by systems. Drawing on the South African philosophy of ubuntu, which emphasizes relational personhood and mutual belonging, the author argues that AI-mediated interactions, while seemingly human-like, lack the mutual risk, vulnerability, and accountability essential for affirming human dignity. The article highlights examples in customer service, healthcare, education, and social support where AI's increasing role could lead to a tiered system, denying underserved populations genuine human attention and potentially exacerbating existing inequalities in a society already described by the World Bank as among the most unequal. Efforts to build ubuntu-aligned AI are acknowledged, but the author stresses that ubuntu cannot simply be programmed, as it relies on shared life and mutual vulnerability that current AI systems cannot replicate.

Key takeaway

For policy makers and AI ethicists developing deployment guidelines, recognize that generative AI's convenience risks creating "relational apartheid." You must prioritize policies ensuring equitable access to human interaction, especially in sensitive sectors like healthcare and customer service. Clearly label AI systems as tools, not companions, and mandate their use to support, not replace, human professionals to prevent deepening societal inequalities.

Key insights

Generative AI risks creating "relational apartheid" by substituting genuine human interaction, potentially deepening inequality in societies like South Africa.

Principles

• Personhood is relational, requiring mutual recognition.
• Simulated AI care differs from shared human life.
• Inequality can manifest as unequal human attention.

In practice

• Present AI systems clearly as tools, not companions.
• Avoid blurring simulated and real care, especially for vulnerable users.
• Use AI to support human professionals, not replace them in sensitive settings.

Topics

• Generative AI
• Relational Apartheid
• Ubuntu Philosophy
• Digital Inequality
• AI Ethics
• Customer Service Automation

Best for: AI Ethicist, Policy Maker, Research Scientist

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Editorial summary, takeaway, and curation by AIssential. Original article published by Artificial intelligence (AI) – The Conversation.